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+---
+layout: default
+title: "Classes"
+parent: Composite
+ancestor: Funcons-beta
+
+---
+
+[Funcons-beta] : [Classes.cbs]
+-----------------------------
+
+### Classes
+
+<div class="highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code>[
+  <i class="keyword">Datatype</i> <span class="name"><a href="#Name_classes">classes</a></span>
+  <i class="keyword">Funcon</i>   <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class">class</a></span>
+  <i class="keyword">Funcon</i>   <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-instantiator">class-instantiator</a></span>
+  <i class="keyword">Funcon</i>   <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-feature-map">class-feature-map</a></span>
+  <i class="keyword">Funcon</i>   <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-superclass-name-sequence">class-superclass-name-sequence</a></span>
+  <i class="keyword">Funcon</i>   <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-name-tree">class-name-tree</a></span>
+  <i class="keyword">Funcon</i>   <span class="name"><a href="#Name_is-subclass-name">is-subclass-name</a></span>
+  <i class="keyword">Funcon</i>   <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-name-single-inheritance-feature-map">class-name-single-inheritance-feature-map</a></span>
+]</code></pre></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><i class="keyword">Datatype</i>
+  <span class="name"><span id="Name_classes">classes</span></span> ::= 
+    <span id="Name_class">class</span>(_:<span class="name"><a href="../../Abstraction/Thunks/index.html#Name_thunks">thunks</a></span>(<span class="name"><a href="../References/index.html#Name_references">references</a></span>(<span class="name"><a href="../Objects/index.html#Name_objects">objects</a></span>)), _:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_environments">environments</a></span>, _:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span><sup class="sup">*</sup>)</code></pre></div>
+
+
+  <code><span class="name"><a href="#Name_class">class</a></span>(<i class="var">Thunk</i>, <i class="var">Env</i>, <i class="var">C<sup class="sup">*</sup></i>)</code> is a class with:
+  * a thunk <code><i class="var">Thunk</i></code> for instantiating the class,
+  * an environment <code><i class="var">Env</i></code> with the features declared by the class, and
+  * a sequence <code><i class="var">C<sup class="sup">*</sup></i></code> of names of direct superclasses.
+  <code><span class="name"><a href="#Name_class">class</a></span>(<i class="var">Thunk</i>, <i class="var">Env</i>)</code> is a base class, having no superclasses.
+  <code><span class="name"><a href="#Name_class">class</a></span>(<i class="var">Thunk</i>, <i class="var">Env</i>, <i class="var">C</i>)</code> is a class with a single superclass.
+  
+  Class instantiation forces its thunk to compute a reference to an object.
+
+  Features are inherited from superclasses. When features with the same name
+  are declared in simultaneously inherited classes, the order of the superclass
+  identifiers in <code><i class="var">C<sup class="sup">*</sup></i></code> may affect resolution of references to features. 
+  Overloading of feature names is supported by using type maps as features.
+
+  The class table is represented by binding class names to classes. 
+  The class superclass hierarchy is assumed to be acyclic.
+
+<div class="highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><i class="keyword">Funcon</i>
+  <span class="name"><span id="Name_class-instantiator">class-instantiator</span></span>(_:<span class="name"><a href="#Name_classes">classes</a></span>) : =><span class="name"><a href="../../Abstraction/Thunks/index.html#Name_thunks">thunks</a></span>(<span class="name"><a href="../References/index.html#Name_references">references</a></span>(<span class="name"><a href="../Objects/index.html#Name_objects">objects</a></span>))
+<i class="keyword">Rule</i>
+  <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-instantiator">class-instantiator</a></span>
+    <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class">class</a></span>(<span id="Variable308_Thunk"><i class="var">Thunk</i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../Abstraction/Thunks/index.html#Name_thunks">thunks</a></span>(_), <span id="Variable325_Envs"><i class="var">Envs</i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_environments">environments</a></span>, <span id="Variable334_C*"><i class="var">C<sup class="sup">*</sup></i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span><sup class="sup">*</sup>) ~> <a href="#Variable308_Thunk"><i class="var">Thunk</i></a></code></pre></div>
+
+<div class="highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><i class="keyword">Funcon</i>
+  <span class="name"><span id="Name_class-feature-map">class-feature-map</span></span>(_:<span class="name"><a href="#Name_classes">classes</a></span>) : =><span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_environments">environments</a></span>
+<i class="keyword">Rule</i>
+  <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-feature-map">class-feature-map</a></span>
+    <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class">class</a></span>(<span id="Variable383_Thunk"><i class="var">Thunk</i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../Abstraction/Thunks/index.html#Name_thunks">thunks</a></span>(_), <span id="Variable400_Env"><i class="var">Env</i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_environments">environments</a></span>, <span id="Variable409_C*"><i class="var">C<sup class="sup">*</sup></i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span><sup class="sup">*</sup>) ~> <a href="#Variable400_Env"><i class="var">Env</i></a></code></pre></div>
+
+<div class="highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><i class="keyword">Funcon</i>
+  <span class="name"><span id="Name_class-superclass-name-sequence">class-superclass-name-sequence</span></span>(_:<span class="name"><a href="#Name_classes">classes</a></span>) : =><span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span><sup class="sup">*</sup>
+<i class="keyword">Rule</i>
+  <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-superclass-name-sequence">class-superclass-name-sequence</a></span> 
+    <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class">class</a></span>(<span id="Variable460_Thunk"><i class="var">Thunk</i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../Abstraction/Thunks/index.html#Name_thunks">thunks</a></span>(_), <span id="Variable477_Env"><i class="var">Env</i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_environments">environments</a></span>, <span id="Variable486_C*"><i class="var">C<sup class="sup">*</sup></i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span><sup class="sup">*</sup>) ~> <a href="#Variable486_C*"><i class="var">C<sup class="sup">*</sup></i></a></code></pre></div>
+
+
+<div class="highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><i class="keyword">Funcon</i>
+  <span class="name"><span id="Name_class-name-tree">class-name-tree</span></span>(_:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span>) : =><span class="name"><a href="../Trees/index.html#Name_trees">trees</a></span>(<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span>)</code></pre></div>
+
+  <code><span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-name-tree">class-name-tree</a></span> <i class="var">C</i></code> forms a tree where the branches are the class name
+  trees for the superclasses of <code><i class="var">C</i></code>.
+
+<div class="highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><i class="keyword">Rule</i>
+  <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-name-tree">class-name-tree</a></span>(<span id="Variable576_C"><i class="var">C</i></span> : <span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span>)
+   ~> <span class="name"><a href="../Trees/index.html#Name_tree">tree</a></span>(<a href="#Variable576_C"><i class="var">C</i></a>,
+        <span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Giving/index.html#Name_interleave-map">interleave-map</a></span>(
+          <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-name-tree">class-name-tree</a></span> <span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Giving/index.html#Name_given">given</a></span>,
+          <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-superclass-name-sequence">class-superclass-name-sequence</a></span> <span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_bound-value">bound-value</a></span> <a href="#Variable576_C"><i class="var">C</i></a>))</code></pre></div>
+
+
+
+<div class="highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><i class="keyword">Funcon</i>
+  <span class="name"><span id="Name_is-subclass-name">is-subclass-name</span></span>(<span id="Variable628_C"><i class="var">C</i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span>, <span id="Variable638_C'"><i class="var">C&prime;</i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span>) : =><span class="name"><a href="../../Primitive/Booleans/index.html#Name_booleans">booleans</a></span>
+   ~> <span class="name"><a href="../Sets/index.html#Name_is-in-set">is-in-set</a></span>(<a href="#Variable628_C"><i class="var">C</i></a>, { <span class="name"><a href="../Trees/index.html#Name_forest-value-sequence">forest-value-sequence</a></span> <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-name-tree">class-name-tree</a></span> <a href="#Variable638_C'"><i class="var">C&prime;</i></a> })</code></pre></div>
+
+
+  The result of <code><span class="name"><a href="#Name_is-subclass-name">is-subclass-name</a></span>(<i class="var">C</i>, <i class="var">C&prime;</i>)</code> does not depend on the order of
+  the names in <code><span class="name"><a href="../Trees/index.html#Name_forest-value-sequence">forest-value-sequence</a></span> <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-name-tree">class-name-tree</a></span> <i class="var">C&prime;</i></code>. 
+
+
+
+<div class="highlighter-rouge"><pre class="highlight"><code><i class="keyword">Funcon</i>
+  <span class="name"><span id="Name_class-name-single-inheritance-feature-map">class-name-single-inheritance-feature-map</span></span>(<span id="Variable740_C"><i class="var">C</i></span>:<span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_identifiers">identifiers</a></span>) : =><span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_environments">environments</a></span>
+   ~> <span class="name"><a href="../Maps/index.html#Name_map-override">map-override</a></span> <span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Giving/index.html#Name_interleave-map">interleave-map</a></span>(
+        <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-feature-map">class-feature-map</a></span> <span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Binding/index.html#Name_bound-value">bound-value</a></span> <span class="name"><a href="../../../Computations/Normal/Giving/index.html#Name_given">given</a></span>,
+        <span class="name"><a href="../Trees/index.html#Name_single-branching-sequence">single-branching-sequence</a></span> <span class="name"><a href="#Name_class-name-tree">class-name-tree</a></span> <a href="#Variable740_C"><i class="var">C</i></a>)</code></pre></div>
+
+
+  For multiple inheritance, different resolution orders can be specified
+  by using different linearisations of the class name tree.
+
+
+
+____
+
+From the [PLanCompS Project] | [CBS-beta issues...] | [Suggest an improvement...]
+
+[Classes.cbs]: Classes.cbs 
+  "CBS SOURCE FILE"
+[Funcons-beta]: /CBS-beta/docs/Funcons-beta
+  "FUNCONS-BETA"
+[Unstable-Funcons-beta]: /CBS-beta/docs/Unstable-Funcons-beta
+  "UNSTABLE-FUNCONS-BETA"
+[Languages-beta]: /CBS-beta/docs/Languages-beta
+  "LANGUAGES-BETA"
+[Unstable-Languages-beta]: /CBS-beta/docs/Unstable-Languages-beta
+  "UNSTABLE-LANGUAGES-BETA"
+[CBS-beta]: /CBS-beta "CBS-BETA"
+[PLanCompS Project]: https://plancomps.github.io
+  "PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE COMPONENTS AND SPECIFICATIONS PROJECT HOME PAGE"
+[CBS-beta issues...]: https://github.com/plancomps/CBS-beta/issues
+  "CBS-BETA ISSUE REPORTS ON GITHUB"
+[Suggest an improvement...]: mailto:plancomps@gmail.com?Subject=CBS-beta%20-%20comment&Body=Re%3A%20CBS-beta%20specification%20at%20Values/Composite/Classes/Classes.cbs%0A%0AComment/Query/Issue/Suggestion%3A%0A%0A%0ASignature%3A%0A 
+  "GENERATE AN EMAIL TEMPLATE"